VII.  Generalization & Discrimination

    A.  The Generalization Gradient

        1.  Types of Gradients

            a.  Excitatory:  Guttman & Kalish

            b.  Inhibitory

                i.  Placement of Peak

                ii. Relatively Smooth Drop-Off

                iii.  Symmetry of Gradient

        2.  Factors Influencing Gradient Shape & Development

            a.  Experience:  Hearst & Koresko

            b.  'Decay':  Thomas & Lopez

            d.  Stimulus Factors:  Guttman & Kalish

            e.  Exposure:  Gibson & Differentiation Theory

            f.  Algebraic Summation:  Mixing E & I

        3.  Theorized Causes

            a.  Nature vs. Nurture

                i.  Pavlov vs. Lashley & Wade

                ii. Evidence

                    b)  Riley & Leuin

                    c)  Kerr, Ostapoff, & Rubel

            b.  Contextual Stimuli

            d.  Thomas:  Adaptation Level

    B.  Discrimination Learning

        1.  Types of Discrimination Training Procedures

            a.  Simultaneous

            b.  Successive

        2.  Factors Influencing Discrimination

            a.  Problem Difficulty

            b.  Experience:  Marsh

            d.  Reinforcement Differentiation:  Trapold

            e.  Observational Learning:  Kohn & Dennis
 

    C.  Two Theories Of Discrimination Learning

        1.  Continuity Theory:  The Algebraic Summation Theory (Hull; Spence)

            a.  Adding Excitation & Inhibition

            b.  Predicting Generalization Effects

                i.  Peak Shift Phenomena

                ii. Errorless Discrimination Technique (Terrace)

        2.  Non-Continuity Theory:  Attentional Hypothesis Testing (Sutherland & Mackintosh)

            a.  Sutherland & Mackintosh's Two Stages

            b.  Hypothesis-Testing Experiments

                i.  Lawrence

                ii. Reynolds

            c.  Relational Learning Studies

                i.  Lawrence & DeRivera

                ii. Gonzalez, Gentry, & Bitterman

        3.  The Evidence From Transfer Studies

            a.  PreSolution Reversals:  Sutherland & Mackintosh

            b.  Overlearning Reversals:  Reid

            d.  IDS & EDS:  Mackintosh & Little
 
            e.  Learning Sets:  Harlow

        4.  Conclusions

            a.  Resolving Transfer Study Discrepancies

            b.  Some More on Peak Shift:  Rilling; Thomas