V.  Theoretical Accounts Of Operant Conditioning

    A.  The Nature Of Reinforcement

        1.  Reinforcement Is Drive Reduction:  Hull

            a.  Conditions

            b.  Problems

                i.  Latent Learning:  Tolman & Honzik

                ii. Absence of a Response:  McNamara, Long, & Wike

                iii.  Place vs. Response Learning

                iv.  Functional Responding:  Macfarlane

                v.  Reinforcement & Drive Stimuli:  Miller & Kessen

                vi.  Non-Nutritive Reinforcement:  Butler, Sheffield & Roby, etc.

                vii.  Non-Reductive Reinforcement:  Sheffield, Wulff, & Backer

        2.  Reinforcement Changes The Stimulus Configuration:  Guthrie

            a.  Conditions

            b.  Predictions

    B.  Contextual Reinforcement Theories

        1.  Optimal StimulationTheory

        2.  The Premack Principle

        3.  The Response Deprivation Hypothesis

    C.  Reinforcement & Expectancy Theories

        1.  Tolman's Expectancy Theory

        2.  Bandura & Observational Learning

        3.  Expectancies In Avoidance Learning:  Seligman & Johnston