IV.  Basic Findings In Operant & Instrumental Conditioning

    A.  Distinguishing Operant From Instrumental Conditioning

        1.  Discrete Trials

        2.  Experimenter Preferences

            a.  Acquisition vs. Performance

            b.  Partial vs. Continuous Reinforcement

            c.  Tracking Response Rate vs. Response Characteristics

    B.  Model

        1.  Thorndike & Puzzle Boxes

            a.  Insight vs. 'Accident'

            b.  Gradual Nature of Trial-And-Error

        2.  The Organism-Environment Loop

        3.  The Law Of Effect

        4.  A Closer Look At The Elements

            a.  Outcome Types

            b.  Stimulus Types

            c.  Response Types

        5.  Acquisition & Shaping

        6.  Contiguity vs. Contingency

            a.  Superstitious Behavior

            b.  Sensitivity To Response-Dependent Outcomes

     C.  Some Basic Findings

        1.  Excitation & Inhibition

        2.  Generalization & Discrimination

        3.  Extinction & Spotaneous Recovery

        4.  Partial Reinforcement Effects

        5.  Learned Outcomes

     D.  Learning Constraints & Conditions

        1.  Temporal Constraints

            a.  Gradients of Reinforcement & Punishment

            b.  Long-Delay Learning

            c.  Learning vs. Performance

            d.  Latent Learning

        2.  Contingency

        3.  Amount/Intensity of Outcome

            a.  Reinforcement

            b.  Punishment

        4.  Number of Pairings

        5.  Context Effects

            a.  Belongingness:  Shettleworth

            b.  Contrast Effects

            c.  Herrnstein:  The Matching Law

            d.  Welker & McAuley:  Context & Extinction

            e.  Internal Context:  Deprivation