X. Knowledge Organization

A. Tulving's Systems: Procedural, Episodic, & Semantic Memory

B. The 'Basic' Unit Of Organization

1. Categories

a. Hierarchical Network Model (Collins & Quillian): Categories Linked in a Network

i. The Network: Labeled Nodes & Labeled (Category & Property) Links

ii. Organization: The Cognitive Economy Principle

iii. Major Predictions: Category Size Effect & Property Verification Effect

b. Feature Comparison Model (Rips, Shoben, & Smith): Categories as Weighted Feature Lists

i. Weighting Features

ii. Distinguishing Defining from Characteristic Features

iii. Two Stages of Processing: Overall Similarity (Familiarity) & Careful Search

iv. Major Predictions

                        a) positive (typicality) & negative relatedness effects
                        b) why category size effects occur & what they really are
                        c) obtaining a reverse category size effect

c. Spreading Activation Model (Collins & Loftus)

i. Three New Structual Assumptions

ii. Two New Processing Assumptions

iii. Evidence for Spreading Activation

iv. The Model as a Framework

v. Smith on Feature List Theories versus Networks

2. Propositions: Networks of Complete Ideas

a. ACT (Anderson)

i. Three Memory Systems

ii. The Network Structure of a Proposition: Nodes & Links

iii. Connecting Propositions in a Network

iv. The Activation Processing Assumption

v. Some Evidence

a) Ratcliff & McKoon: Episodic Priming
b) Anderson: Fact Retrieval Experiments & Positive Fan Effects

b. ACT*

i. Three Fundamental Cognitive Units

ii. Tangled Hierarchies

3. Scripts & Schemas (Shank & Abelson) (see also pp. 272 - 286 in the text)

a. Organizational Structure

b. Partial Match Model

i. Activating a Script or Schema

ii. Principle of Instantiation

iii. How Scripts Guide Inference

iv. Scripts & False Memory

c. Scripts, Act, & Act*

i. Smith, Adams, & Schorr: Paradox of the Expert

ii. Anderson & Reder: Thematic Subnodes

iii. Scripts as Lists in ACT*

iv. Radvansky & Zacks: Fan Effects & Mental Models

d. Potential Script Mechanisms

i. Five Ways (Brewer & Treyens) in which Scripts/Schemas Can Influence Memory

                    a) attentional hypothesis
                    b) framework hypothesis
                    c) integration hypothesis
                    d) retreival cue hypothesis
                    e) communication hypothesis

ii. Evidence

                    a) guiding attention & comprehension: Bransford & Johnson Experiment 1 (also the balloon exp. on p. 273-274);
                                Bower, Black, & Turner's priming study (cf. p. 280)
                    b) testing retrieval cue: Bransford & Johnson Experiment 2 (also on p. 274)
                    c) testing retrieval, part 2: Anderson & Pichert (also on p. 275)
                    d) integration: false memory studies: Sulin & Dooling (also on p. 277); Brewer & Treyens
                                (see also pp. 278-286)
                    e) communication: Brewer & Treyens; Spiro (real life vs. lab study)

4. Perceptual Symbols Model (Barasalou)

a. Amodal vs. Modal Approaches; Why Modal?

b. Beilock & Golden-Meadowa (Psychonomics, 2009)

i. Phase 1: Tower of Hanoi Pretest

ii. Each desc heavier; the last disc very large (two hands to move)

iii. Phase 2: People explain how they solved (using gestures)

iv. Phase 3: Redo ToH (But weights reversed for half the people)