VIII. Imagery & Processing
A. History: A Quick Reprise
1.
Rundus
2.
Craik & Watkins
B. Evidence for Imagery
1.
Images & WM
a. Posner: Matching Task
b. Shepard (& Colleagues): Mental
Rotation
c. Kosslyn (& Colleagues):
Verification Tasks
2.
Images & LTM
a. Visual Manipulations
i. Shepard: Picture Memory
ii. Kosslyn, Ball, & Reisser:
Mental Scanning
iii. Wollen, Weber, & Lowry
b. Imagery & Elaboration
c. Indirect Manipulations
3.
Imagery & Interference
C. Images vs. Pictures
1.
Spatial vs. Visual Information
2.
Processed vs. Preprocessed Information
3.
Neisser's Definition
D. Relational Judgments: A Case Study
1.
Paivio: The Picture Superiority Effect
2.
Counterarguments
a. Banks: The Discrete Code Model
b. Congruity Effects & Friedman's Findings
3.
Rebuttal
a. Paivio: Use of Abstract Dimensions
b. Marschark & Paivio: The Expectancy
Hypothesis
4.
Re-rebuttal
a. Banks & Flora
b. Čech
D. Special Visual Abilities: Eidetic
Imagery (Stromeyer)