V.  Working Memory

    A.  Characteristics

       1.  Fragility:  Brown; the Petersons

       2.  Limited Capacity:  Miller; Murdock

    B.  Models of Short-Term Memory

       1.  STS: The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

            a.  Characteristics

                   i.  Limited Capacity

                   ii.  Phonemic Coding (Sperling; Conrad)

                   iii.  Decay

            b.  Problems

                   i.  How to measure capacity?

                   ii.  Is it just phonemic coding?

                   iii.  Is decay the only loss mechanism?

       2.  Working Memory:  Baddeley & Hitch

            a.  System Components

                   i.  CE (Central Executive)

                   ii.  VSS (Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad)

                   iii.  PL (Phonological Store & Articulatory Loop)

                   iv.  (And very recently, the EB:  Episodic Buffer)

            b.  Evidence

                   i.  WLE & PSE (Word Length & Phonological Similarity Effects)

                   ii.  Articulatory Suppression

                   iii.  Neurological Case Histories

      3.  Executive Control & Short-Term Memory:  Engle (and Cowan)

            a.  CE and Activated Traces from LTM

            b.  Measuring Individual Capacity Differences: Complex Span Tasks

            c.  Unsworth, Schrock, & Engle (2004):  OSpan and the Pro- and Antisaccade Task

            d.  And Recent Applications...

      4.  Activated Memory Models:  Anderson; Schneider & Shiffrin

            a.  Unitary System Assumption

            b.  Processing Limits = Capacity Limits

            c.  Coding & Forgetting 

    C.  Locating Information

       1.  Search Model:  Sternberg

            a.  The Task

            b.  Two Possible Results

            c.  Actual Findings

            d.  Similarities to Schneider & Shiffrin

       2.  Strength/Familiarity Models:  Townsend

            a.  Some Problems for Sternberg

            b.  How a Familiarity Model works

            c.  Combining Strength & Familiarity

       3.  Dual-Stage Models:  Atkinson & Juola