Levels of Processing: Craik & Lockhart (1972)

I. Background

II. Characteristics

A. LOP definition

B. Memory code

C. Incidental learning

D. Incidental learning task

E. Orienting task

III. Craik & Lockhart (1972) and LOP

IV. Results

A. Hyde & Jenkins (1973)

B. Craik & Tulving (1975)

C. Criticisms

V. Alternative Theoretical Explanations

A. Elaboration Theory

1. Anderson & Reder (1979)

2. Craik & Tulving’s (1975) experiment

3. Stein & Bransford (1979): type of elaboration

4. Self-reference effect

5. Maintenance v. elaborative rehearsal

B. Distinctiveness theory

1. Primary: von Restorff effect

2. Secondary: Orthographic

a. Hunt & Elliot (1980)

3. Emotional

4. Processing

a. Eysenck & Eysenck (1980)

C. Multiple codings

1. Klein & Saltz (1976)

2. Hunt & Einstein (1981)

(And the last bit added by Čech)

VI.    Context at Recall

                A.  TAP (Transfer Appropriate Processing):  Bransford & Franks

                B.  Principle of Encoding Specificity:  Tulving

                                  1.  Thomson & Tulving:  PES vs. Associations

                                  2.  Godden & Baddeley (Water World)

                                  3.  Tulving:  Recall vs Recognition  (and Recognition Failure of Recallable Items)

                                  4.  Smith:  Contextural Reinstatement