II. Illusion of Memory

A. Overview of Standard Memory Systems Model

1. Levels of Memory

a. Sensory Memories

b. Working Memory Components

c. Long-Term Memory

d. (And Other Levels Inbetween)

2. One Proposal for Long-Term Memories

a. Declarative (Know-That) vs. Procedural (Know-How) Systems

b. Semantic vs. Episodic Systems (Tulving)

3. Implicit vs. Explicit Memory

4. Retrieval/Recognition Processes

a. Cue-Based Retrieval & Encoding Specificity

b. Search

c. Signal Strength & Familiarity

d. Reconstruction

B. The Illusion of Memory

1. Some Initial Examples

a. The Desse-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Paradigm

b. Change Blindness Blindness: Levin, Momen, Drovdahl, & Simons

c. Brewer & Treyens: The Graduate Student Office

d. Loftus & Palmer: (Mis)Leading Questions

2. Types Of Memory Errors

a. Remembering What Isn't There (False Alarm)

b. Failing To Remember What Is There (Miss)

c. Not Knowing You Are Influenced By A Memory

3. Some Demos

a. Nickerson & Adams; Rubin & Kontis: Draw a Penny

b. Bransford & Johnson's Experiments

c. Bartlett: War of the Ghosts

4. Additional Examples

a. Elaboration

i. Implanting Childhood Memories via Imagery (and other things): Wade, Garry, Read, & Lindsay

ii. Conceptual vs. Perceptual Elaboration: Zaragoza, Mitchell, Payment, & Drivdahl

iii. Joint Rehearsals: Patterson, Kemp, & Ng

b. 'Normative' Errors

i. Categorization: Franks & Bransford

ii. Events: Sulin & Dooling; Spiro

iii. More Memory for Common Objects: Richards, French, & Harris: Draw A Clock

c. Familiarity Errors

i. Brown, Deffenbacher, & Sturgill

ii. Hinz & Pezdek

C. Some Mechanisms

1. Bransford's Constructivism: Integrate New Information With Prior Information

2. Prototype (Wittgenstein; Rosch) & Schema (Bartlett) Theory: Carry Around The Typical/Normative Features (with perhaps some memory for parti.cularly distinctive exceptions)