I. Illusion of Attention

A. Illusions

1. Perceptual Illusion

a. Blind Spot

b. Moon Illusion

c. Necker Cube

d. Mũller-Lyer Illusion

e. etc.

2. Cognitive Illusions

3. Fuzzy Boundary Between The Two

4. Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down Processing

B. The Illusion of Attention

1. Preliminaries On Attention

a. Automatic and Effortful/Control Processes

b. The (Automatic) Orienting Response

c. Two Attentional Tasks: Fivided & Focused Attention

i. Divided Attention Task Results (& Moderation by Automaticity): Sperling, Axelrod & Guzy, etc.

ii. Focused Attention Task Results

1) Early Inattentional Blindness: Auditory Studies: Cherry; Moray, & the Cocktail Party Effect

2) Visual Studies: Neisser's study & Cocktail Party Effect; Neisser & Becklin's Study

iii. Chabris & Simons: The Invisible Gorilla

iv. Possible Problem with Attentional Interpretation for Some of These Results?

d. One of the Models of Attention: Kahneman

2. Two Types Of Misattention

a. Seeing What Isn't There (False Alarm)

b. Failing To See What Is There (Miss)

3. Examples Of False Alarms

a. Treisman & Schmidt: Misconjuntions

b. "New Look" on Perception: Bruner (Distortions & Modifications)

i. Bruner & Postman: Identifying Playing Cards

ii. Bruner & Goodman: Social Influences on Perception

iii. Jacoby, Allan, Collins, & Larwill: Perceptual Hindsight

iv. Intraub; IIntraub & Dickinson: Boundary Extension

4. Examples Of Misses

a. Proodreading & Error Detection

i. Healey: Unitizing (missing letters in familiar words)

ii. Healey & Cunningham: Word Shape Info (missing s, c, k, or p in upper-case and lower-case words)

iii. Daneman & Stainton: Top-Down Effects & Expectancies

b. Strayer: Some Cell Phone Studies

i. Strayer & Johnston (2001): Hand-Held vs. Hands Free

ii. Drews, Pasupathi, & Strayer (2008): Passenger Conversations & Situational Awareness