IX.  Personality & Personality Assessment

A.  Working Definition: Characteristic Ways of

                           Responding       

1.  Type & Trait Approaches

                2.  Type & Psychodynamic Approaches

                3.  Behaviorism & Cognitive Behaviorism

                4.  Humanistic, Growth-Based Approaches

       B.  Type & Trait Theories

1.  Distinguishing Type From Trait

                2.  Hippocrates: An Early Typology

a.  Four Humours

b.  Associated Temperaments

                             c.  Aristotle: Associated Physiognomies

3.  Sheldon: More Recent Physiognomic Approach (review)

a.  Three Body Types (Somatotypes)

b.  Associated Temperaments

                             c.  Rating Scales & Somatotype Profiles

                             d.  Correlations of Somatotype & Temperament

4.  Trait-Based Approach

a.  Finer Distinctions

b.  Types as Trait Clusters

                             c.  Allport: Not All Traits Are Equal

                             d.  Identifying the Important Traits

i.  Cattell’s 16 PF

ii. OCEAN:  Costa & McRay’s Big 5

                5.  Issues To Keep In Mind

a.  Differences or Commonalities – How Many?

b.  Interactions With The Environment

                             c.  How Does Personality Develop?

       C.  Psychodynamic Approaches

1.  Freud: Psychoanalysis (review)

a.  Three Aspects of Personality

i.  Id: Eros, Thanatos, & the Pleasure Principle

ii.  Ego: The Reality Principle & Ego Defenses

                                                iii.  Superego: Conscience (The ‘Censor’)

b.  Some Major Assumptions (from Munroe)

i.  Motivation is Dynamic (Tension Reduction)

ii.  Present Behavior Arises From Past Development

                                                iii.  Emphasis on Unconscious Processes

                                                iv.  Psychological Determinism

                             c.  Conscious & Unconscious Dynamics: Manifest &

                                                Latent Content, and Symbolism

                             d.  Psychosexual Development & Personality

i.  Shift of Erogenous Zones

ii.  First Zone: Oral: Incorporation vs Biting

                                                            Displacement: gullible “swallow anything”

                                                                            Sarcastic/argumentative “biting remarks”

                                                iii.  Second Zone: Anal: Retentitive vs. Expulsive

                                                            Displacement: stingy; obsessively clean

                                                                            Cruel; disorderly

                                                iv.  Third Zone: Phallic: Narcissism

                                                v.  Oedipal & Electra Complexes & Superego

                                                vi.  Genital Stage

2.  Some Other Psychodynamic Approaches

a.  Jung’s Analytic Psychology

b.  “Social Psychology” Psychoanalysts

i.  Karen Horney & Need for Self-Esteem

                                                            Neurotic orientations: affection vs power

ii.  Fromm & the Freedom vs Security Dilemma

                                                            Freedom-Escaping Orientations

                                                iii.  Adler: Compensating for Inferiorities

                             c.  Ego Psychologists: Rational, Independent Agent

       D.  Learning Theories

1.  Dollard & Miller’s Modeling of Freud

                2.  General Operations of Classical & Operant

                                Conditioning

3.  Social Learning Theories (e.g., Rotter; Bandura)

       D.  Third Force (Humanistic) Theories

1.  Four Commonalities

                2.  Rogers

3.  Maslow

       E.  Measuring Personality

1.  Some Technical & Ethical Problems

a.  Test Interpretation Validity

b.  Social Desirability & Acquiescence

                             c.  Deception

                             d.  Invasion of Privacy

                             e.  Test Misuses; Dehumanization; etc.

                2.  Direct Observation

a.  Naturalistic Observation

b.  Controlled Observation

3.  Interview Techniques (Structured & Not)

                4.  Rating & Ranking Scales (Self & Other)

a.  Q-Sort; BDI

b.  Personality Inventories: MMPI & CPI

                             c.  Personality Inventories:  16 PF & OCEAN

                5.  Projective Tests

a.  Rorschach Ink Blot

b.  TAT

                             c.  DAP; Sentence Completion, etc.