IV. Learning
A. Definition of Learning
B. Two Views
1. Contiguity: Associational/Behavioral (S-S;
S-R)
2. Contingency: Cognitive/Informational (Expectancy)
C. Classical Conditioning
1. Pavlov's Discovery
a. Building on Reflexes
b. Connecting Stimulus Centers
c. Putting it Together: The Model
i. UCS & UCR
ii. CS & CR
iii. What, When, & What Automatically?
2. Basic Findings
a. Extinction & Diminshing Returns Curve
b. Extinction
i. Two Theories: Forgetting versus Inhibition
ii. Evidence From Spontaneous Recovery
iii. Evidence
from Relearning (Savings Score)
c. Generalization
d. Discrimination
e. Higher-Order Conditioning
3. Some Basic Principles
a. Temporal Contiguity
i. Simultaneous Conditioning
ii. Delayed Conditioning
iii. Trace Conditioning
iv. Backwards Conditioning
b. Number of Pairings
c. UCS & CS Features
i. CS Salience
ii. UCS Intensity
iii. Conditioned Emotional Responses
4. Rescorla's Theory
a. Looking for
Information
i. Predictability of UCS
ii. Signal Value of CS
b. Rescorla on Simultaneous, Backwards Conditioning
i. Positive, Negative, & Zero Contingency (Correlation)
ii. Trade-off of Contingency & Contiguity
c. Compound Conditioning
i. Overshadowing: Attention & Learning
ii. Blocking: Signal Value & Redundancy
d. Exceptions to Temporal Contiguity
i. Garcia, Ervin, & Koelling:
Long-Delay Learning
ii. Kalat & Rozin: Familiarity
iii. Garcia & Koelling: Belongingness
D. Operant Conditioning
1. Thonrdike & Puzzle Boxes
a. Insight versus
Trial-&-Error
b. Gradual Darwinian Adaptation
c. Laws of Effect & Exercise
d. Several Alternative Models
i. Guthrie, Watson: Contiguity
of S, R
ii. Hull: Outcome Needed
2. Basic Findings
a. Excitation
& Extinction
b. Generalization
c. Discrimination
d. Occasion Setting
3. Some Basic Principles
a. Temporal
Contiguity
b. Reinforcement & Punishment
c. 2nd Reinforcement & Chains
d. Shaping & Autoshaping
e. Contingency: Hammond
f. Partial Reinforcement Effect
i. Ratio Schedules
ii. Interval Schedules
iii. DRL & DRH Schedules
iv. Amsel's Frustration Theory Account
4. Further Interesting Findings
a. Long-Delay
Learning
b. Bandura: Vicarious RF & Punishment
c. Observational
Learning in Animals
d. Latent Learning
& Latent Extinction
e. Contrast
Effects
5. Expectancy Theory (Tolman,
Bandura): Cognitive Learning
a. Value
versus Valence of an Expectancy
b. Expectancies & Cognitive Maps
c. Reinforcement/Punishment
as Feedback
d. Latent Learning
& Latent Extinction
e. Conclusion:
Storing Outcomes Information